Iga Marketing Plan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2363 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Execute Summary The purpose for this document is to describe, and provide a framework for an optimized marketing plan for IGA Australia entering into Chinese market in the period May 2010 to May 2013. The report offers a structure for developing, implementing and controlling IGA China marketing program for the international IGA brand, in order to achieve focal objectives as followed in this plan. The Competitive Analysis points out the fact that the Retail Industry is dominated by 3 major competitors including Wal-Mart, Trust Mart and Carrefour in China. The SWOT Analysis included, helps develop the following Marketing Objectives: †¢First year in May 2010-May 2011, aim at $100,000 sales income †¢Achieve 2012 sales target (3-7% increase from 2011 sales results) †¢Increase market share by 5% †¢Increase brand preference by 3% 6000 customers to visit Community IGA per month in each location †¢Reach 60 customers traffic in IGA X-press per day; achieve 5% increase in sales every season †¢Establish a loyalty program and acquire 3,000 new members per month in each city The plan also states that the target market for aged 25-40 elite workforce who professionally employed and pursuit high quality lifestyle, living in economic booming cities in China. The plan also lists the marketing objectives which help achieve effective outcomes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Iga Marketing Plan" essay for you Create order These result in developing communication activities which include Advertising, Sales promotion, Digital marketing, Events and Public relations. Finally, it is mentioned that through Internal reporting, Survey, Website Visitor Trackers, Market Research, and Retail Measurement Reports, the Monitoring and Evaluation can be conducted. 1. Introduction IGA organization is owned by Metcash in Australia, a South African-based retailer and wholesaler. The company supplies groceries, promotional materials and other things to a large number of locally owned Australian supermarkets, and a few smaller chains. IGA has three distribution channels: IGA Supa, IGA, and IGA X-press, which remained strong in the face of growing chain competition. IGA has mature and strong distributions to invest into a new country. 2. Segmentation IGA operates as a retailer successfully in USA, Canada, and Australia. Chinese market is considered as a new opportunity to expand its realm in Asia countries. Unique culture and different customer behaviors in China will be emphasized in differentiating target market. Different from home countries’ strategies, some new attempts will apply in Chinese market. . 1 Competitive analysis Supermarket Industry in China is dominated a few players with concentrated market share. Source: Euromonitor Report- Supermarkets – China – June 2009 As the chart illustrated, there are many strong foreign retailers have tapped into Chinese market, such as Wal-Mart, Trust Mart, Carrefour, Metro, and Tesco. In particular, Wal-Mart occupied 47. 6% of the market in 2009, dominating the retail industry by strong suppliers and its global brand awareness. 11. 5% of the total market was made up by Trust Mart in 2009. Carrefour represented 9. 9% in 2009. Both Metro and Tesco accounted for 7. 1% of the Chinese market. 16. 7% of the market share was constituted by other grocery stores. Discount retailers (e. g. Trust Mart) offer consumers a narrow merchandise selection in a bid to contain costs and present competitive pricing. Larger operators (Wal-Mart and Carrefour) are the dominance in the industry as they stock an extensive range of merchandise. These supermarkets have successfully competed on prices, but the disadvantage is the location for these giant shopping malls normally out of the town. (IBIS, 2010) 2. 2 Buyers Behavior Factors effecting purchase behavior include the global trend toward health food and the economic downturn. Consumers are increasingly choosing healthier or low sugar products. (Euromonitor, 2008) Additionally, the emergence of the ethical consumer signifies a shift toward a knowledgeable shopper who considers product origin and sustainable methods of production with equitable trading conditions in their purchase decisions – a target for manufacturers of organic and fair-trade retail products. (IBISWorld, 2009) In China, consumers can be divided into four classes. As the chart shown below, there are 5% of people who are affluent (above 20,000 RMB per month). In addition, 15% of the people who earn 6000-10,000RMB are considered as IGA’s potential consumers-‘the New Wealth Class’. Consumers at this level are mostly well-educated. They require higher quality of the life and easily accept the new things without considering the prices. (China Daily, 2009) They are the symbol of new wealth generation who aged 25-40 with high income and strong purchasing power. They appreciate the life of LOHO (lifestyles of health and sustainability) and SOHO. Source: Euromonitor Report- Income report in China, June 2009 2. 3 Position IGA positions itself in Chinese market as a medium size supermarket operating in the upscale community, providing high quality products, adopting the new technology, and fostering customers in choosing a new lifestyle. 2. 4 Geo-demographic Segmentation Geo-demographic segmentation is a concept that combines the geographic data and demographic data in order to describe the consumers and neighborhoods specifically (Kotler Keller Burton, 2009). In China, Xiamen, Nanjing, Wuhan, Dongguan, Hangzhou, Ningbo, will be the first five cities IGA intend to enter. These five cities are picked up because of its physical size and the representative of economic booming areas. Although the metropolitan cities like Beijing and Shanghai have more potential purchasing power, competitions are overwhelming intensive. It is difficult for IGA to enter as a fresher in China. IGA is not a huge enterprise that has enough capital to operate in metropolitan cities. Thus, the middle size cities are the best choices for IGA’s first move. Furthermore, IGA has the experience operated in other countries also in middle size cities. Take Australia as an example, IGA chose the secondary city like Brisbane as the target market, and operates business in the suburb community. The core competitive advantage of IGA is convenience. Housewives can buy high quality goods nearby their houses. Additionally, people live in suburb are highly affluent, well insured. They have good economic foundation. IGA will run its business confidently in China due to its empirical experience. Simultaneously, IGA chooses the young- middle aged workforce with high income (6000-10000 RMB per month) living in the upscale community as its main target market. 2. 5 Target markets IGA’s target market consists of elite workforce aged 25-40 who live in the increasing economic middle size cities in China. The target market can be further defined using the values and lifestyle (VALSâ„ ¢) typology –they are ‘Achievers’ who have goal-oriented lifestyles and are committed to their careers and their families. Work offers them material rewards and prestige. (Schiffman et al, 2008). IGA defines its target audience as the workforce who receives middle-high income (6000-10000 RMB per month). 3. Market Objectives The marketing objectives detailed below specify goals for next three years from May, 2010 to May 2013. ?Specific: Invest approximately $3. 5 million in target cities for starting three community-friendly grocery stores- IGA and 10 IGA X-press convenient stores. Create IGA brand awareness to 40% in target market and increase preference by 3% each month gradually. Business in the first year (May2010-May 2011), market aim income for sales achieves $100,000. Sales income will increase 3%-7% sales result each year. Community-Friendly grocery stores- IGA; IGA X-press convenient stores ?Measurable: occupy 5% market share by comparing to major competitors in China, and achieve sales target to $100,000 by the end of May 2011. ?Attainable: Become the first choice of retailers for customers who live in residential areas by establishing community-friendly IGA distributions and creating a convenient network of IGA X-press convenient shops in central areas. Relevant: create a high efficiency service group by training staff with IGA Global management, and build up strong loyalty program with technology innovation on sales and online shopping system for employees and customers ? Time-bound: Achieve sales target in three years period from May 2010 to May 2013. 4. Marketing Mix 4. 1 Product Refer to the product differentiation, as a new entrant; style factor is our focal point to attract new customers as well. Comparing with dominant players, Wal-Mart and Carrefour have strong brand reputation on prices. Therefore, in the short term, IGA will make difference by cooperating with local fresh farm and high quality suppliers and create its own IGA label. Product will be divided into different ranges, covering fresh goods to ready-to-eat food and household products. Regarded as sustainable, shopper relevant and differentiated from similar goods on the market, the introduction of private labels has offered retailers access to greater margins. In addition to increased profitability, private labels have enabled retailers to gain a better understanding of the manufacturing cost involved and better manage their margins. IBIS, 2010) Growing consumer demand for organic goods has also been an influential factor in the product range on offer by supermarkets. In addition, new technology shopping trolley will be introduced instead of in-store consultants, which has controlled digital pad telling products’ exact location and relevant products information. The application of intellectualized in struments will be key attractiveness to target consumers. For long term observation, how to maintain new technology shopping trolley to be a â€Å"weapon† to stand in this market is very important. We need to improve service and technology maintenance, such as employees training and software update. Time periodProduct (service ) Strategy of IGA Short term May 2010- May 2011†¢Cooperation with local fresh farm as suppliers, apply IGA label †¢Introduce new technology digital Pad trolley Medium term October 2010-May 2012†¢Build up trust network with more suppliers in regional areas (east, south, north, southeast food suppliers) Long term May 2010- May 2013†¢Improve service and technology innovation (Website maintenance, Online shopping) Long term relationship with customers by digital VIP card 4. 2 Pricing Unlike direct selling or franchising, members in a voluntary chain still holds the property rights of theirs assets and have their own independent financial system. (IGA, 2010) As a voluntary chain retailer, IGA has benefited from their cooperation on procurement, distribution and operation, which brings advantages on purchasing, information sharing and brand building. As a new entrant, IGA may not have enough experience to compete with quantity and price, but with confidence on high quality goods and services. Meanwhile, determining demand from customer is important, the higher the price, the lower the demand (Kotler, 2009). Production-Quality leadership is suitable for IGA price positioning. In order to meet customer’s demand and mindset, surveys is necessary to analyze modest prices among competitors. In connection with target market of IGA, people who live in high class community keen on healthy and quality lifestyle rather than price chasing. IGA will endeavor to build up brand reputation in community. Seasonal discount for relevant high quality products only provides to customers who own digital VIP card. Hence, brand-conscious consumers have continued to shop at stores where they are able to purchase merchandise they have become accustomed to. (IBIS, 2010) Time periodPrice strategy of IGA Short run†¢Prestige pricing: considered location and unique customer service can justify higher prices. Retailers that stock high-quality merchandise that isnt available at any other location may be quite successful in pricing their products above competitors. Medium run†¢Competitive price: Consumers have many choices and are generally willing to shop around to receive the best price. IGA considering a competitive pricing strategy will need to provide outstanding customer service to stand above the competition. Long run†¢Markup and Markdown prices seasonally 4. 3 Distribution The entry mode of IGA would be introduced as voluntary chain. These organizations will achieve economies of scale, greater purchasing power, wider brand recognition and better-trained employees than independent stores. (Kolter, 2009) The appropriate level of market coverage is situation-specific, depending on product, characteristics, and on customers buying behavior. Base on our segmentation analysis, customers are targeted as aged 25-40 elite workforce and young family who live in Nan jing; Xia men; Dong guan; Wuhan; Ning bo; Hang zhou. Time periodDistribution Strategy of IGA Introduction period May 2010-May 2011 †¢Specialty shelf sections on healthy and organic food, †¢High service with technological innovation in community-friendly shops Growth period May 2011- May 2012†¢IGA X-press shops in central city; †¢IGA community-friendly markets: expanded to more high class communities and cities Maturity period May 2012-2013†¢Mass Merchants Co-operate with local restaurants, supply organic products 4. 4 Promotion Retailers need high levels of traffic to keep merchandise moving. In China, IGA will develop consistent promotional campaigns to build up relationship with customers. Substantially improve the healthy and advanced image of IGA in customers’ lifestyle circle. ?Cooperation with Real Estate According to distribut ions, IGA can cooperate with real estate companies to achieve mutual benefit. The convenience of shopping and high quality surrounding environment is attractive to people willing to invest or live in this area. ?Digital VIP Card Provide personal digital VIP card to cultivate brand loyalty and create prestige of customers. Digital card can also apply to trolley pad saving credits by next season discount. Retailer’s credit customers more store loyal and purchase on larger quantities making them an excellent target for promotions ? Website of IGA Company website of IGA will increase brand awareness, also customers can experience through online shop. Functionality allowing customers to download receipt and vouchers online, to check products information and discounts and synchronize the customers’ shopping credit ? Word-of-mouth Marketing Build up IGA’s brand awareness. Brand-conscious consumers have continued to shop at stores where they are able to purchase merchandise they have become accustomed to. (IBIS, 2010) As the better services and goods we provided, the more people heard from others and want to experience in IGA. It saves money on promotional budget so that cost of products can be lowered. ?Advertising in media As a new grocery store in middle cities, IGA will choose print media rather than broadcasting media in the first year. In order to access mass target customers, weekly paper in community and local magazines will be chosen to promote healthy image of IGA. Also, outdoor advertisement posters will be placed in community area and stations near around to attract households. In the future time, TV ad will be used to expand more customers in the whole city. Reference Euromonitor International. (2009, February 26). Consumer lifestyles – Australia. Retrieved from from Global Market Information Database. IBIS World (2010, March) Supermarkets and Other Grocery Stores in Australia (G5111) Retrieved from IBISWorld database. IGA, get fresh at IGA† viewed on 09/04/10 https://www. iga. net. au/igafresh/index. cfm? age_id=2063breadcrumb=Our IGA Website (2010) https://www. iga. com/consumer/default. aspx Kotler, P. Keller, K. L. Burton, S. (2009). Marketing management (13th ed. ). Sydney: Pearson Education Segal, M. N. Giacobbe, R. W. (1994), Market Segmentation and Competitive Analysis for Supermarket Retailing, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, Vol. 22 (1), pp. 38-48. Supermarkets in China Industry Report, 05 Feb 2010, viewed 08/04/10 https://www. ibisworld. com. cn/industry/retail. aspx? indid=881chid=1

Organizational Culture Values - 653 Words

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Needs Theories Free Essays

string(41) " that motivator factors can take effect\." 1. INTRODUCTION Motivation is an important element in organizational learning due to its ability to enable employees to function effectively. There are several theories of motivation which can be useful to managers in motivating employees of organizations. We will write a custom essay sample on Needs Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now You may ask yourself what motivation is. Well, motivation is that drive you have within you to get something done, what drives you to work as much as you do, for example, a student will want an A in a test, he will be motivated to study hard and achieve that A. It is the process of stimulating people to actions to accomplish the goals. Motivation stems from psychological factors within the person, but can also be induced by factors in the workplace. In human resource management it is essential to know how workers inputs via their task inputs and inputs via superiors can be conductive to worker effectiveness. Motivation is a process that involves the purposiveness of behaviour. Factors that have been shown by research include external and internal activators. In this assignment we will outline important motivation theories and how they are used in the workplace. Motivation theories seek to 2. MASLOWS HIERACHY OF NEEDS Peoples’ needs are arranged according to its importance of human survival. Human needs may be placed in a hierarchy where the lowest level contains the most basic needs, which must be satisfied before the higher order needs emerge and become motivators of behaviour. The needs of the hierarchy are as follows, psychological needs, safety needs, social needs, ego/esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Psychological needs: These are the basic needs for a human which are essential for a human beings biological functioning and survival. Examples would be food, water and warmth. Employees who are adequately paid can provide for these needs. Safety needs: As soon as the psychological needs are satisfied, another level of needs emerge and the importance of the previous level of needs disappear. In this level a person looks for security, stability and a safe environment. Many employees’ most important need is job security; other security factors include increases in salary and benefits. Social needs: Once a person feels secure in their surroundings and are in control of possible threats, social needs are activated. These include the need for love, acceptance, friendship and a sense of belonging. At this level, employees desire social relationships inside and outside the organization. Peer group acceptance within the workplace is often an important psychological need for employees. Ego/esteem needs: These needs may be divided into two groups namely, self- respect and self-esteem, the respect and approval of others. Once employees form friendships the need for self-esteem becomes priority. Needs, such as self-confidence, independence, recognition, appreciation and achievement all fall under this level. Organizational factors such as job title, status items within the organization, such as parking spaces or office size and level of responsibility become important to the employee. Self- actualization: If all the above mentioned needs are largely satisfied, people than spend their time searching for opportunities to apply their skills to the best of their ability. Maslow describes the needs as the desire to become more and more what one is and to become everything one is capable of becoming. Self-actualization is the uninhibited expression of your true self and your talents. Employees seek challenging and creative jobs to achieve self-actualization. This theory has many implications for individual performance, the most common strategy being motivating people in terms of service benefits and job security. The work people do and the way the work environment is designed, increases interaction between employees which helps satisfy social needs. However, disadvantages pertaining to this may result in excessive socialization and may have a negative effect on the employees work output (NEL P. S et al,2004). If a person’s work is directly associated with need satisfaction, then that person becomes self-regulating, making the roles of external incentives become less significant as motivators. As one level of need is met, a person moves onto the next level of need as a source of motivation. Hence, people progress up the hierachy as they successively gratify each level if need(Nelson Q, 2011) (http://upload. ikimedia. org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Maslow%27s_hierarchy_of_needs. png) 3. HERTZBURGS TWO FACTOR THEORY Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory is a â€Å"content theory† of motivation† (the other main one is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs). Herzberg analysed the job attitudes of 200 accountants and engineers who were asked to recall when they had felt positive or negative at work and the reasons why. From this research, Herzberg suggested a two-step approach to understanding employee motivation and satisfaction, these were hygiene factors and motivator factors. Hygiene Factors: Hygiene factors are based on the need to for a business to avoid dissatisfaction at work. If these factors are considered inadequate by employees, then they can cause dissatisfaction with work. Hygiene factors include: * Company policy and administration * Wages, salaries and other financial remuneration * Quality of supervision * Quality of inter-personal relations * Working conditions * Feelings of job security Motivator Factors: Motivator factors are based on an individual’s need for personal growth. When they exist, motivator factors actively create job satisfaction. If they are effective, then they can motivate an individual to achieve above-average performance and effort. Motivator factors include: * Status * Opportunity for advancement * Gaining recognition * Responsibility * Challenging / stimulating work * Sense of personal achievement personal growth in a job There is some similarity between Herzberg’s and Maslow’s models. They both suggest that needs have to be satisfied for the employee to be motivated. However, Herzberg argues that only the higher levels of the Maslow Hierarchy (e. g. elf-actualisation, esteem needs) act as a motivator. The remaining needs can only cause dissatisfaction if not addressed. Applying Hertzberg’s model to de-motivated workers These few examples indicate de-motivated employees in the workplace: * Low productivity * Poor production or service quality * Strikes / industrial disputes / breakdowns in employee communication and relationships * Complaints about pay and working conditions Accord ing to Herzberg, management should focus on rearranging work so that motivator factors can take effect. You read "Needs Theories" in category "Essay examples" He suggested three ways in which this could be done: * Job enlargement: It is a human resource practice used to motivate employees in a particular position. A job is enlarged horizontally through the addition of new responsibilities and diverse duties. * Job rotation: A system of working in which employees work in a range of jobs in a company so that they have different types of work to do and understand the organization better, it can help employers by keeping employees from getting bored and looking for another job. Job enrichment: Motivating employees through expanding job responsibilities and giving increased control over the total production process. Employees normally receiving training and additional support as well as increased input in procuderes. 4. VROOMS EXPECTANCY MOTIVATION THEORY Whereas Maslow and Herzberg look at the relationship between internal needs and the resulting effort expended to fulfil them, Vroom’s expectancy theory separates effort (which arises fr om motivation), performance, and outcomes. Vroom’s expectancy theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain. Vroom realized that an employee’s performance is based on individual factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities. He stated that effort, performance and motivation are linked in a person’s motivation. He uses the variables Expectancy, Instrumentality and Valence to account for this. Expectancy is the belief that increased effort will lead to increased performance i. e. f I work harder then this will be better. This is affected by such things as: 1. Having the right resources available (e. g. raw materials, time) 2. Having the right skills to do the job 3. Having the necessary support to get the job done (e. g. supervisor support, or correct information on the job) Instrumentality is the belief that if you perform well that a valued outcome will be received. The degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. i. e. if I do a good job, there is something in it for me. This is affected by such things as: 1. Clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes – e. g. the rules of the reward ‘game’ 2. Trust in the people who will take the decisions on who gets what outcome 3. Transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the expected outcome. For the valence to be positive, the person must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it. For example, if someone is mainly motivated by money, he or she might not value offers of additional time off. The theory has three key elements or concepts that it uses: 1. Performance-outcome expectancy: This means that the individual belives that every behaviour is connected to an outcome, and different levels of that behaviour can be connected to different levels of the outcome. 2. Value: With regard to that, the attractiveness of that outcome depends on the individual, for one, the outcome may be a highly values reward whereas for another, it could be perceived as a punishment. 3. Effort-Performance expectancy: Lastly, individuals evealuate the effort-performance expectancy relationship. In essence, the employee asks himself whether he will be able to perform a specific task and translates those perceptions to probabilies of success. He or she then chooses the behaviours’ that have the highest likelihood of success. Crucially, Vroom’s expectancy theory works on perceptions, so even if an employer thinks they have provided everything appropriate for motivation, and even if this works with most people in that organisation, it doesn’t mean that someone won’t perceive that it doesn’t work for them. It could equally apply to any situation where someone does something because they expect a certain outcome. For example, one recycles paper because they think it’s important to conserve resources and take a stand on environmental issues (valence); they think that the more effort they put into recycling the more paper they will recycle (expectancy); and they think that the more paper they recycle then less resources will be used (instrumentality). Thus, Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation is not about self-interest in rewards but about the associations people make towards expected outcomes and the contribution they feel they can make towards those outcomes. 5. ADAMS EQUITY THEORY John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioural psychologist, put forward his Equity Theory on job motivation in 1963. There are similarities with interpretation of previous simpler theories of Maslow, Herzberg and other pioneers of workplace psychology, in that the theory acknowledges that subtle and variable factors affect each individual’s assessment and perception of their relationship with their work, and thereby their employer. One of the most important issues in motivation is how people view their contributions to the organization and what they get from it. Ideally, they will view their relationship with the employer as a well-balanced, mutually beneficial exchange. As peope work, they realize their consequences of their actions, develop beliefs about outcomes and asses how fairly the organization treats them(Snell A. S. Batemen T. S 1999, Management:Building Competetive Advantage). The Adams’ Equity Theory model therefore extends beyond the individual self, and incorporates influence and comparison of other people’s situations – for example colleagues and friends – in forming a comparative view and awareness of Equity, which commonly manifests as a sense of what is fair. When people feel fairly or advantageously treated they are more likely to be motivated, when they feel unfairly treated they are highly prone to feelings of disaffection and demotivation. The way that people measure this sense of fairness is at the heart of Equity Theory. Equity, and thereby the motivational situation we might seek to assess using the model, is not dependent on the extent to which a person believes reward exceeds effort, nor even necessarily on the belief that reward exceeds effort at all. Rather, Equity, and the sense of fairness which commonly underpins motivation, is dependent on the comparison a person makes between his or here reward/investment ratio with the ratio enjoyed (or suffered) by others considered to be in a similar situation. Equity Theory reminds us that people see themselves and crucially the way they are treated in terms of their surrounding environment, team, system, etc – not in isolation – and so they must be managed and treated accordingly. Some people reduce effort and application and become inwardly disgruntled, or outwardly difficult, recalcitrant or even disruptive. Other people seek to improve the outputs by making claims or demands for more reward, or seeking an alternative job. 6. ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY A theory of human needs more advanced than Maslow’s theory is Alderfers ERG theory, meaning that Maslows theory has general applicability whereas Adelfer aims his theory at understanding peoples needs at work. Aldelfers theory builds on some of Maslows thinking but reduces the number of universal needs from five to three and is more flexible in terms of movememy in levels. Like Maslow, Alderfer also believes that needs can be arranged in a heirachy. The ERG theory infers that there are three sets of needs: * Extintence needs are all material and psychological desires. * Relatedness needs involve relationships with other people and are satisfied through the process of mutually sharing thoughts and feelings. Growth needs motivate people to productivity or creatively change themselves or their environment. ERG theory proposes that several needs can be operating at once, whereas Maslow assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied begore a higher-level need is a motivator. Alderfer lifts this restiction. Accordning to the ERG theory, a higher-level need can be a motivator even if a lower-level need is not fully satisfied, hence several needs can be operating at once. Maslow would say that s elf-actualization is important to people only after other sets of needs are satisfied. Aldelfer maintains that people can be motivated to satisfy both existence and growth needs at the same time. Alderfer agrees that as lower level needs are satisfied, a worker becomes motivated to satisfy higher-level needs, but he breaks down with Maslow on the consequences of need-frustration. Maslow says that once a lower-level need is satisfied, it is no longer a source of motivation, whereas Alderfer suggests that when an individual is motivated to satisfy a higher-level need but has difficulty doing so, the motivation to satisfy lower-level needs becomes higher. To see how this works, lets look at a middle manager in a manufacturing firm whose relatedness needs(lower-lvel needs) are satidfied. The manager is currently motivated to try and satisfy her growth needs but finds this difficult to do so as she has been in the same position for the past five years. She is extremely skilled and knowlegable about the job and the fact that she has too much work and responsibiliies already leave her no time to pursue anything new or exciting. Essentially, the managers motivation to satisfy her growth needs are being frustrated because of the nature of her job. Alderfer postulates that this frustration will increase the managers motivation to satsfy a lower-levelneed such as relatedness. As a result of this motivation, the manager becomes more concerned about interpersonal relations at work and continually seeks honest feedback from her colleagues. Both Maslows and Alderfers theories have practical value in that they remind managers the type of reinforcers or rewards that can be used to motivate people. (http://www. envisionsoftware. com/es_img/Alderfer_ERG_Theory. gif) 7. McCLELLANDS NEEDS THEORY The theory was developed by David McClelland and his associates. It focuses on three needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Achievement is characterized by a strong orientation towards accomplishment and an obession with success and goal attainment. It is a drive to excel and to achieve set standards. Challening work motivates them and they take personal responsibility for success or failure. They like to set goals that require stretching themselves a little and have a drive to succeed, they strive for achievement rather than rewards. They wish to do something better or more efficiently than it has been done before. The people with this need look for situations where they can attain peronal responsibility for finding solutions to problems , in which they can get quick feedback of their performance so they can determine whether they are improving or not. This helps them to set their goals. The need for power is a desire to influence or contol other people. This need can be a negetive force which is termed personalizes power, if its expressed through aggressive minipulation and exploiting others, these people want power only to achieve their own personal goals. However the need for power can also be seen in a positive manner which is called socialized power because it can be be conducted towards the constructive improvement of organizations ans societies. It is basically the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise. Individuals with a high need of power prefer to be placed into competitive and status-orientated situations and tend to be more concerned with prestige than with effective performance. Affiliation reflects a strong desire to be liked by other people such as your colleagues nd anoyone you may be working with. Individuals who have a high level of this need are more orientated towards getting along with others and may be less concerned with performing at high levels. These types of individuals are usually very social and friendly. The need for affliation is not important for management and leadership success as one would find it difficult to make tough but necessary decisions which will make so me people unhappy. They prefer cooperative situations rather than competitive ones and desire relationships that involve a high degree of mutual understanding. . McGREGORS THEORY OF X AND Y Douglas McGreggors theory of X and Y is a management based style of theory that tries to expalin different management styles and leadership behaviour within the workplace. McGreggor proposed that the organizations leaders and the organization as a whole has different views on the skills and motivation of the employees of the organization. These potential views can be described as Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X With Theory X assumptions, management’s role is to coerce and control employees. People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible. * People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives. * People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no amb ition. * People seek security above all else. Theory Y With Theory Y assumptions, management’s role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. * Work is as natural as play and rest. People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy). * Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement. * People learn to accept and seek responsibility. * Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem. * People have potential. McGreggor did not see these theories as mutually exclusive and believed that managers could use these theories simultaneously. He compared his theory with Maslow’s where he put Maslow’s higher needs and Theory X together and lower needs to Theory X. This proposes that people who are seeking higher needs, such as self-actualization, are motivated by a Theory Y leader, whereas people who don’t have work-related needs are motivated by Theory X leadership style. 9. CONCLUSION In conclusion, It is therefore essential for organizations to look for and employ people who â€Å"fit† into the values of the organization and are able to function according to organizational values. Organizations must also have suitable managers who have the ability to coach and mentor their employees to deliver optimally. Enhanced leadership enables managers to motivate their employees to produce the best possible skills and practices in human resources. Research confirms the importance of motivation in leading employees and influencing them to stimulate and energize people so that they â€Å"work towards organizational goals†. Researchers have placed great importance on the responsibility of managers â€Å"to create a proper climate in which employees can develop to their fullest potential†. All these motivational theories have played a pivotal role in helping managers achieve the best results, and also helped undestand how important motivation is. Motivation thoeries give a broader explanation about how people perceive their work and lives, and how they use these insights to motivate themselves and grow, as people as well as in their jobs. 10. LIST OF REFERENCES NELSON, Q. (2011), Principles of Organizational Behaviour, 7th Edition, Place: South-Western Cengage Learning LUTHANS, F. (1998), Organizational Behaviour, 8th Edition. Place: McGraw-Hill Irwin. GEORGE, J. M and JONES, G. R. (2002), Organizational Behaviour, 3rd Edition, Place:Prentice Hall. MULLENS, L. J( 2010),Management and Organizational Behaviour, 9th Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ANTHONY, W. P et al(1999), Human Resource Management: A strategic approach, 3rd Edition, Place: Hartcourt College Publishers. BERGH,Z and THERON,A. (2006). Psychology in the work context, 3rd Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ROBBINS, S. P. (2003). Organizational Behaviour, 10th Edition. Place: Prentice Hall. ROSENFELD,R. H and WILSON,D. C(2004). Managing Organizations, 2nd Edition. Place: Oxford. How to cite Needs Theories, Essay examples

Article Analysis Environment Pollution Control Authority

Question: Write about theArticle Analysisfor Environment Pollution Control Authority. Answer: Considering the impact of vehicle emission on the environment, the article seeks to discuss and evaluate the stringent auto emission norms introduced by the EnvironmentPollutionControl Authority, and the impact of the same on the automobile manufacturing companies of India. Although the EPCA has banned the registration of the BS III vehicles, considering the issue of environmental degradation, the move is being anticipated to cause incredible loss to the automobile industry. The central argument here is that a BS III vehicle tends to emit more particulate matter, that ultimately causes air pollution, and hence the same should be banned. The validity of the argument here is completely unquestionable, and yet the impact of the ban of these vehicles should not be overlooked. The author in the article merely states that the EPCA has enforced the law banning the registration of the BS III vehicles, and yet the article fails to mention that the implementation of the law is difficult in the present scenario. Since the year of 2010, the automobile manufacturing industries have been ready with the BS IV vehicles, but the same could not be introduced as a result of the lack of BS IV fuel in India (Russell et al., 2013). The automobile manufacturing companies have been so far unable to sell the BS IV vehicles, as the sale depended on the availability of Bs IV fuel in India. Further, the article argues that due to the sudden enforcement of law, the automobile manufacturing industries are encountering a lot of troubles, especially because a considerable number of vehicles are still left in the inventory that cannot be sold anymore. The article further makes a strong argument, referring to the recent demonetization in India that has further slowed down the economy, and hence announcing a change in the post-demonetization period, has indicated further loss for the manufacturers. The article although states important facts, it fails to substantiate the facts, by backing them up with strong statistical evidences. In order to comprehend the gravity of the situation, it is important to note that the auto manufacturing industries are expected to suffer from an approximate loss of ? 12,000 crore because o the financial setback brought on them by the recently introduced stringent auto emission norms (Penetrante Schultheis, 2013). There is no denying the fact that it is indeed an appreciable step being taken by the EPCA to monitor and control the emission rate of the vehicles plying the roads of India. In order to ensure a greener, and safer environment, the same was necessary. However, the only flaw here was the lack of an organized approach in solving the problem. The problem is that skipping the stage of emission norms and upgrading to the next level, without informing the public about it, would imply huge financial loss for the automobile manufacturing sector that in turn will make the economy more sluggish. While for the last 7 years, the manufacturing industries were not being made aware of the imminent change, a sudden change introduced randomly, is bound to put a lot of stress on the automobile sector (Guttikunda et al., 2014). Although the article does refer to the probable financial loss to be encountered by the automobile sector, it does not state that this would eventually bring about the loss of j obs as well. As far as the issue of international management of environmental issue is concerned, it should be remembered that even countries like Australia, following the footsteps of Europe and the US, had enforced laws mandating the sale of Euro 6 compliant vehicles only. However, it did offer sufficient time till September 15, within which the car manufacturing companies could sell of their Euro 5 cars, or export the same (Sood, 2014). It is important to ensure that the vehicles of any country comply with the air pollution standards of the country, and yet at the same time, it is important to ensure that the steps taken by the regulatory bodies do not affect the profitability of the sectors (Broome et al., 2017). The strength of the article constitutes in the fact that it discusses the plight brought on the automobile manufacturing industries as a result of the suddenly introduced emission norms. However, I think that the article did not exploit the issue fully. The article intends to vehemently criticize and oppose the norms, which do not however merit much criticism. The issue here is the lack of organized approach being adopted by the regulatory community in communicating the norms to the vehicle authorities, as a result of which the companies can encounter potential loss. Although the content of the article is right, the argument made by the author is partially true, as the government has to introduce strict emission standards be it in the post-demonetization period, or nay time later. However, I believe it is also true that the government needs to intervene to clear the inventory stocks, of the companies, by exporting the vehicles, or by allowing to upgrade them to BS IV level. Reference List: Broome, R.A., Fann, N., Cristina, T.J.N., Fulcher, C., Duc, H. and Morgan, G.G., 2015. The health benefits of reducing air pollution in Sydney, Australia.Environmental research,143, pp.19-25. Guttikunda, S. K., Goel, R., Pant, P. (2014). Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities.Atmospheric environment,95, 501-510. Penetrante, B.M. and Schultheis, S.E. eds.,( 2013).Non-thermal plasma techniques for pollution control: part b: electron beam and electrical discharge processing(Vol. 34). Springer Science Business Media. Russell, C. S., Harrington, W., Vaughn, W. J. (2013).Enforcing pollution control laws. Routledge. Sood, P. R. (2014). Air pollution through vehicular emissions in urban India and preventive measures.European Journal of Social and Humanistic Sciences,4, 26-33.

Absolutism in 17th Cent 18th Cent free essay sample

Examines evolution, impact decline of moral, philosophical legal doctrine using natural law to justify monarchy. Absolutism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a political theory suited to the absolutist monarchies which had been coming into existence since the Reformation. As a theory, perhaps best personified in the work of Hobbes, absolutism justifies the absolute and organic rule of all aspects of society through a monarchy. It is a doctrine of the absolute right of the ruler; in other words, the affirmation that the ruler is not bound by any kind of moral or legal limitation. Instead, the philosophy of absolutism rested heavily upon conceptions of natural lawan interpretation of right and wrong based on a belief in the absolute Truths inherent in nature. One of these absolute Truths of natural law would later become known as the divine right of kings, a belief that the monarchy is the natural order of society and thus stands above all human. We will write a custom essay sample on Absolutism in 17th Cent 18th Cent or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

The Battle to Save the Ozone Layer - CFC Hazards

The Battle to Save the Ozone Layer - CFC Hazards Ozone depletion is a crucial environmental problem on Earth. The growing concern over CFC production and the hole in the ozone layer is causing alarm among scientists and citizens. A battle has ensued to protect Earths ozone layer. In the war to save the ozone layer, and you may be at risk. The enemy is far, far away. 93 million miles away to be exact. It is the sun. Each day the Sun is a vicious warrior constantly bombarding and attacking our earth with harmful Ultra Violet radiation (UV). Earth has a shield to protect against this constant bombardment of harmful UV radiation. It is the ozone layer. The Ozone Layer is Earths Protector Ozone is a gas that is constantly formed and reformed in our atmosphere. With the chemical formula O3, it is our defense against the Sun. Without the ozone layer, our Earth would become a barren wasteland on which little to no life could exist. UV radiation causes a host of problems for plants, animals, and humans including dangerous melanoma cancers. Watch a short video clip on the ozone layer as it provides protection to Earth from harmful solar radiation. (27 seconds, MPEG-1, 3 MB) Ozone Destruction is Not All Bad. Ozone is supposed to break up in the atmosphere. The reactions taking place high in our atmosphere are a part of a complex cycle. Here, another video clip shows a close-up view of ozone molecules absorbing solar radiation. Notice the incoming radiation breaks apart ozone molecules to form O2. These O2 molecules are later rejoined to form ozone again. (29 seconds, MPEG-1, 3 MB) Is There Really a Hole in the Ozone? The ozone layer exists in a layer of the atmosphere known as the stratosphere. The stratosphere is directly above the layer that we live in known as the troposphere. The stratosphere is approximately 10-50 kilometers above the Earths surface. The diagram below shows a high concentration of ozone particles at about 35-40 km in altitude. But the ozone layer has a hole in it!†¦or does it? Although commonly nicknamed a hole, the ozone layer is a gas and cannot technically have a hole in it. Try punching the air in front of you. Does it leave a â€Å"hole†? No. But ozone CAN be severely depleted in our atmosphere. The air around the Antarctic is severely depleted of atmospheric ozone. This is said to be the Antarctic Ozone Hole. How is the Ozone Hole Measured? The measurement of the ozone hole is made using something called a Dobson Unit. Technically speaking, â€Å"One Dobson Unit is the number of molecules of ozone that would be required to create a layer of pure ozone 0.01 millimeters thick at a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and a pressure of 1 atmosphere†. Lets make some sense of that definition... Normally, the air has an ozone measurement of 300 Dobson Units. This is equivalent to a layer of ozone 3mm (.12 inches) thick over the entire earth. A good example is the height of two pennies stacked together. The ozone hole is more like the thickness of one dime or 220 Dobson Units! If the level of ozone drops below 220 Dobson Units, it is considered to be a part of the depleted area or â€Å"hole†. Causes for the Ozone Hole Once in the stratosphere, UV radiation break apart the CFC molecules into dangerous chlorine compounds which are known Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). The chlorine literally slams into the ozone and breaks it apart. In the atmosphere a single chlorine atom can break apart ozone molecules again and again and again. Watch the video clip showing the break-up of ozone molecules by chlorine atoms.(55 seconds, MPEG-1, 7 MB) Have CFCs Been Banned? The Montreal Protocol in 1987 was an international commitment to reduce and eliminate the use of CFCs. The treaty was later amended to ban CFC production after 1995. As part of Title VI of the Clean Air Act, all Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) were monitored and conditions were set forth for their use. Initially, the amendments were to phase out ODS production by the year 2000, but it was later decided to accelerate the phase out to 1995. Will we win the war? References: OzoneWatch at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center The Environmental Protection Agency

Article analysis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis - Article Example Ancient Roman Houses welcome their visitor through a series of unique features beginning at the level of their entrance – the domus. An indicative series of these features is presented by Hadrill: green-and red-clad porter, the golden birdcage and the watch-dog painted by the porters cell (Hadrill, 44). The reason that Hadrill refer to these features is not for emphasizing on their beautifulness or their role as decorative objects; it is rather to show their potential use for the reflection of the personal perceptions and thoughts of the houses owner. Certain aspects of the style of life of the latter would be also revealed through the objects surrounding the houses entrance – or by the format and colour of the entrance itself. In the above context, the entrance of the Ancient Roman Houses becomes for their visitor the entrance to the psychology and the style of life of people of the particular era – different assumptions could be formulated by entering various A ncient Roman Houses as this differentiation can be explained by referring to the differences in the character and the style of life of each owner. In other words, the fact that Ancient Roman Houses all refer to the same era they may have different characteristics and formats – taking into consideration the criteria mentioned above. The upper target of Hadrill by referring extensively to the features surrounding the entrance in Ancient Roman House could reflect its willingness to influence the potential visitors of these houses to participate in this effort for identifying the characteristics (perceptions, style of life) of each houses owner – also to identify the trends that characterized the particular era regarding the construction of buildings. It is for this reason that extensive reference is made in the specific article on the methods and the principles that could be used for the interpretation of Ancient Roman

Chaucer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chaucer - Research Paper Example These subjects are expanded greatly by the fact that the various individuals in the story come from a variety of backgrounds representing as many aspects of medieval society as he could. This also connects Chaucer with these other authors as they also attempted to cover many of the main issues that affected society in their times. As he continues to present opposing viewpoints through his mixed company of pilgrims, Chaucer presents a story about the journey of religion up to this point and what it was intended to mean for the average person. Rather than being an individual journey of spiritual enlightenment, Chaucer suggests that the experience of religion is something that must be shared with others and explored from a variety of approaches before one can claim they have experienced religion. This brings him into particular alignment with Dante, who also focused his work on explorations of proper religious behavior. Chaucer’s conception of religion as a journey shared by many people is evident in the idea of the journey itself, in which all travelers are brought to the same level despite other social constructions; the activities of the journey as each individual is required to tell two tales as a means of passing the time; and the lessons learned within these tales as they are often placed side by side with an opposing

Nutrition Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition - Coursework Example On average, most people are supposed to have a calories percentage from carbohydrates of approximately 50 percent, and between 16- 21 percent from protein and 30 percent from a fat source (Berni et al., 2008). Another importance is total micronutrients intake. Though in small quantities, micronutrients are critical for a number of body functions. A diverse diet raises the probability that all your minerals and vitamins needs will be met (Collins, Myatt, & Golden, 1998). The final importance is hydration, which is an important concern since our bodies contain about 60-75 percent of water, which is critical in transport, temperature regulation and nutrients absorption (Collins & Myatt, 2000). The results show that proteins, fats and carbohydrates are the 3 major macronutrients due to their roles in the human body. They are the main components of our diet. Our bodies also require others nutrients such as vitamins and minerals even though in much smaller quantities. They are therefore referred to as micronutrients. Each macronutrient has vital functions in the body (Kattelmann, 2006). Its main role in the body includes building, maintaining and repairing body tissue. It’s highly recommended to physically active individuals because their muscle tissue is in constant need of repair. The other roles of protein in the body are production of enzymes and hormones, which perform vital functions. Proteins are also used to aid in the immune process (Knivsberg, 2003). The main function of fat is protection among its many roles in the human body. Insulation for keeping body temperature and protection of body organs through cushioning are also functions of fat in the body. Fats promote growth and development and maintain cell membranes. In addition, fats play a vital role in vitamin digestion. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble vitamins which mean that for them to be absorbed into the system of the body; they need fats (Metheny et al.,

Reflective case study in counselling

Reflective case study in counselling Part I: Case Assessment Report New Territories West Integrated Family Services Centre Case Assessment Report A. Basic Case Information Name of Client: Madam CHAN Sex/ Age of Client: F/36 Name of Worker: Dada Wong Nature of case: Counseling B. Presenting Problem Madam CHAN reported that she has been suffering from low mood, loss of appetite, headaches and insomnia for over a month. She had also lost motivation in doing household chores and would cry sometimes without reasons. C. Social History 1. Genogram 2. Family background Case client, Madam CHAN, moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong 5 years ago. She married with her husband, Mr. LEE, in Mainland China. They have one son, two daughters in total, and living together. Son is 12 years old, will become F. 1 student in secondary school, and daughters are 8 years old and 3 months respectively. Madam Chan got pregnancy last year and Mr. Lee suggested Madam Chan to have abortion but she refused. She insisted to give birth of the youngest daughter because she thinks it belongs to her. She expressed husband does not put much cares, include physical and financial, on the youngest daughter. Madam CHAN reported their marital relationship was fine when lived in Mainland China, but conflicts increase when move to Hong Kong. Client complains Mr. LEE sends most of his income for his parents in Mainland China and does not give much money for their family. They have arguments about this issue always. 3. Emotional condition Madam CHAN suffers from low mood, loss of appetite for over a month. She reported sometimes would cry without reasons and loss of motivation in doing housework at home. Emotional unstable when talking about her situation, she cried twice during the counseling process. 4. Health condition Client expresses loss of appetite, headaches and insomnia for over a month. She feels tired and lack of energy when at home, but no problem at working. 5. Financial condition Madam CHAN now works as a part-time waitress in restaurant, and responsible for taking orders and delivering dishes to customers. She earns around $5000 per month. Mr. LEE is an air-conditioner technician, earning around $12000 per month. Madam CHAN reports Mr. LEE does not contribute much income on own family, around $3000 per month, but gives most of money to his parents in Mainland China. She reported that most of the expenditures of family are supported by her own. 6. Supportive network Madam CHAN pays around $1000 each month for her younger sister to take care the baby when she goes to work. She expressed the money also viewed as a help to sister’s family. Client mentioned that her younger sister and brother have their own financial difficulties, therefore, she also needs to take the responsibility of parents’ financial supporting. Madam CHAN said she only visited for her parents two times after move to Hong Kong in five recent years. D. Case Analysis 1. Underlying problem Based on the information collected from counseling Madam CHAN, it is believed that her headaches and insomnia symptoms are closely related to the stress on family financial situation. Madam CHAN expressed worries of limited income from being part-time waitress, may not be sufficient for supporting the expenditure of whole family. She complained Mr. LEE giving most of the salaries for his parents in Mainland China but little for family expenditures and children. They argued for this issue many times after Madam CHAN moved from Mainland China to Hong Kong. She believes that family financial situation would be improved if Mr. LEE willing to share more monthly income to their family. She tried to ask for more financial supports from Mr. LEE but failed, and thought like begging from him. She feels angry about that and gives up trying anymore. For this reason, she believes she cannot reply on her husband. In addition, client complained Mr. LEE ignores the responsibilities of taking care of the children, especially the new born baby. On the other hand, based on the information got from Mr. LEE during interview, the third child is not he expected and wished. He believed the third child is a real burden on family financial aspect. He expressed the major reason of argument with Madam Chan is money distribution. 2. Assessment Counseling done. From the interviews, Madam CHAN presented the concern about the financial problem of family. She cried twice when talking about the issue of Mr. LEE sends most of the salaries to his family in Mainland China. She said, â€Å"Maybe our children are less valued than his family!†. That shows her anger about Mr. LEE behavior toward money distribution. She has expressed her worries about the maintenance of family income as one more child at home nowadays, expenses increase. She reported that feeling lack of energy when at home, suffering from low mood, headaches and insomnia for over a month, however, does not have these problems when working. It is believed that her physical discomfort symptoms like headaches and insomnia are due to the pressure and worries about family financial situation. From the interview with Mr. LEE, he expressed the new born baby is unplanned. He believes family situation in general would be better if without the third child. Mr. LEE expressed he has the money saving plan for children before, likes saving for their future study. That shows Mr. LEE willing to plan about the future of family. However, the new born makes the plan collapsed. He suggested Madam CHAN to have abortion but she insisted to preserve the baby. He was angry about that. Mr. LEE stated that Madam CHAN always ask for more money during the conversation. He has implied the new born may not belongs to him during the interview, but he did not explain further on this point. 3. Intervention It is believed that the emotional problem of Madam CHAN may due to the stresses on worrying about not able to take care of the children and maintain the family income at the same time. According to the information got from interview, Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) Approach would be appropriate to adopt in the intervention. CBT addresses the interactions between how we think, feel and behave (Somers, 2007). It believes that the peoples’ feelings, emotions, thoughts are the responses to the outside world. Therefore, one’s behaviors could be changed from changing their perception and cognition of the situation from the process of therapy (Somers, 2007). According to Hall Iqbal (2010), CBT could reduce the stress and anxiety level, and the related symptoms would be relieved when go through the therapy or treatment. CBT states that behaviours could be changed by changing perception. Therefore, the stress related symptoms of Madam CHAN, such as headaches and feeling lack o f energy, are expected be addressed if using CBT approach. E. Recommendation for Follow-up I would like to refer Madam CHAN for psychiatric consultation, to have medication treatments. It is necessary to relieve the physical discomfort of client immediately. Referral for psychiatric consultation was sent out. After addressing the problem of physical discomfort syndromes, it is recommend Madam CHAN to join education group about stress management in centre after having individual counseling, in order to learn the skill of handle stress in life. Counseling services in centre for Madam Chan keeps on for monitoring. CBT approach would be used on changing her perception about worrying the financial difficulties. For long term goal, joint interview and counseling of Madam CHAN and Mr. LEE is suggested for them. As both of Madam CHAN and Mr. LEE have plans on family future, thus, the joint interview would focus on encourage effective communication between each other, to discuss how to do the better distribution of family income. Signed by Intake Worker: _________Signed by Supervisor: _________ Date: _________ Date: _________ Reference Hall, K. Iqbal, F. (2010). The Problem with Cognitive Behavior Therapy. London: Karnac Book Company. Somers, J. (2007). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy: Core information document. Vancouver: Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Simon Fraser University. . Part II: Self-evaluation From the role-play practice, it was a good experience for me to feel the dynamic between worker and client. Within the practice, several communication and counseling skills have been used. Several basic communication skills have been used in the counseling practice, such as Questioning, Reflection of feeling, and Paraphrasing and Clarifying. During the counseling process, open and closed also have been used. For the closed question, such as â€Å"Have you discussed with your wife about the income distribution of family?†, in order to know whether Mr. LEE and Madam Chan ever talked about the core problem. As Mr. LEE answer â€Å"No†, and following an open question of â€Å"Why?† to Mr. LEE, in order to know the reason and the dynamic between them. In addition, Reflection of feeling can let me to know the exact feelings of clients, to distinguish the feeling of disappointment or angry with Mr. LEE. The skill of Paraphrasing and Clarifying also help me to clarifying the meaning of Mr. LEE as he implied some wordings like he doubted about the baby is not belongs to him. I think it is important to clarify from him as it might be another core family issu e in this case. Empathy is also one of the important elements has been used during the counseling process because it can let me to engage with Madam CHAN. Once she feels I am a person who could understand her feelings, she becomes more willing to talk and share with me about real difficulties she is facing. Therefore, empathy is one of the core elements within the intervention process. On the other hand, I had made a mistake in the intervention. I presumed the client emotion and attitude would be gradually better after each session. I anticipate Madam CHAN would turn to understand and appreciate Mr. LEE who has planned about their family future in last session. Therefore, I prepared a lot of suggestions based on Madam CHAN who is ready for consensus with Mr. LEE. However, my expectation failed. Madam CHAN does not want to agree with Mr. LEE, my suggestions were not suitable for client and seems I was not able to engage with her. It may due to I ignored the factors that they may have dynamic interaction during the week between sessions. From this mistake, I have learned that, as a worker, we should not presume the behavior and attitude of client. We could not include all the factors outside the intervention session. Also, behaviors are changeable. It was a good opportunity for me to learn, worker should prepare for changes every moment Generally, I have urged client to change her mind and perception and ignore the emotional needs of client. As I would like to use CBT to be my intervention approach, to make client believes that the situation is not really bad and would like her to understand that Mr. LEE also planned for family future, I hope to change her mind as soon as possible. Thus, I may ignore the emotion needs of client, such as addressing her anger about feeling unresponsive of Mr. LEE. From this role-play, I have learned that, do not only focus on the intervention process but also need to cater and care about the feelings and emotions of client. It was a good experience for me to prepare the case work in the coming future. 1

Advocates for a New Social Order: Dickens, Marx, and the Trade Union i

Advocates for a New Social Order: Dickens, Marx, and the Trade Union in Hard Times For over a century, Charles Dickens has been praised as being the working man's advocate, and the lower classes have played a major role in peopling his vast world of characters. Always, the reader is left with a sense of sympathy and pity for these characters as Dickens' journalistic descriptions of their plight are often dramatic, stirring, and pathetic. Although he renders the living conditions of the poor in such a way that no reader can escape feeling sympathy for such characters, Dickens never once offers a solution to such distress. In Hard Times we find a man who suffers not only the degradations of the industrial city, but also the ostracism of his own kind when he refuses to join the ranks of a budding trade union. Dickens has often been deemed a reformer by many modern critics. However, if he truly sought reform for the treatment of the lower classes in Victorian England, why, then, does he refuse Stephen Blackpool a chance to take a part in that reform? Like Karl Marx an d Friedrich Engels, Dickens realized and reported upon the conditions of the working classes, but he chose to offer a more spiritual form of aid rather than to suggest a complete political reformation. Dickens published his views on labor issues in several of his journals, and he spoke on the subject frequently as well. Although he was moved by the plight of the workers, he could not understand why they would become violent at times. Peter Ackroyd cites a letter to Angela Burdett-Coutts, describing Dickens’ views on trade union violence. The reason for such violence, Dickens contends in the letter, is that the lower classes were being brainwashed and swindle... ... both a charitable and noble soul. He could not have joined the union as he did not believe it would help matters any, and he maintains his dignity even though he pays the ultimate penalty for it in the end. Works Consulted The Oxford History of Britain. Ed. Kenneth O. Morgan. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1984. Ackroyd, Peter. Dickens. New York: HarperCollins, 1990. Bowditch, John and Clement Ramsland. Voices of the Industrial Revolution. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1961. Dickens, Charles. Hard Times. Ed. George Ford and Sylvere Monod. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1990. ---. "Locked Out.† Household Words 8 (1854): 345-8. Faber, Richard. Proper Stations. London: Faber and Faber, 1971. Marx, Karl. The Grundrisse. Ed. and trans. David McLellan. New York: Harper, 1971. Williams, Raymond. Culture and Society: 1780-1950. New York: Harper, 1958.